植物提取物丝兰提取物是以丝兰为原料，通过醇溶剂提取浓缩，再经过水和正丁醇二相萃取后除去杂质，取正丁醇相蒸干后用乙醚回流得到的乙醚不溶物。含甾类皂甙(萨洒皂甙配基、菝葜配基、龙舌兰皂甙配基)、自由皂甙、糖类复合物等主要活性成分。对有害气体具有很强的吸附能力，可降低畜舍氨气、硫化氢等有害气体的浓度，改善动物饲养环境，促进饲料分解，提高消化率，增强机体抵抗力，促进机体对营养物质的吸收，提高动物健康状况，提高畜禽生产性能，有效改善畜产品品质；还可刺激循环和呼吸系统，影响维生素活性、动物荷尔蒙分泌，作为胰腺乳化剂，已被广泛研究并应用于动物生产中，产生了良好的经济效益和社会效益。还应用于生产其它产品，如碳酸饮料的发泡剂和食品香味的增强剂，并获得美国联邦食品药物管理局(FDA)认可为辅助性食品。本信息是由Chemicalbook的刘海波编辑整理。来源植物为龙舌兰科，丝兰属植物丝兰（Yuccaschidigera）。又名凤尾丝兰、刺叶王兰、菠萝花。多年生常绿无茎植物。根出叶长剑形，长76厘米，宽3厘米，匙形，先端突然变狭，形成一硬刺状尖端，边缘具卷曲的长线;花序圆锥状，高达4米，生于全株中心，花杯形下垂，近白色长10厘米，晚夏开花;干蒴果开裂。分布在北美，后引种到世界各国。常用分株繁殖，将基部分蘖分割即可种植，或用肉质根扦插，南方结种地区可以用种子繁殖(北京不结种子)。性耐寒，生长强健，喜砂质土。花后将花序全部剪除，以使顶芽继续发育。图1为丝兰主要活性成分丝兰提取物的许多生物学功能都与其活性成分有关，其主要活性成分包括:甾类皂苷、多糖、白黎芦醇和麟凤兰多酚。1.甾类皂苷甾类皂苷是丝兰提取物最重要的活性成分，也是研究最清楚的成分。皂甙含有一个亲脂性的基团称为皂甙元，还有一个或多个亲水性糖类支链，是一种天然的表面活化剂或乳化剂，有利于油脂的乳化，促进甘油一酯的消化吸收，进而提高了油脂的利用率。皂甙的疏水部分在黏膜层细胞与胆固醇的疏水基团以微团叠加的方式联系在一起，形成复合物来影响肠细胞的通透性。以相似的方式，皂苷还具有抗原虫活性，通过在原虫细胞膜与胆固醇结合，破坏原虫细胞膜的完整性，导致细胞溶解。2.多糖多糖，特指由多个单糖通过糖苷键连接而形成的功能性寡糖，是丝兰提取物中的一种重要活性成分，不被动物自身分泌的消化酶所消化，进入肠道后段作为化学益生素促进有益菌的生长繁殖，并能有效抑制病原菌的大量增殖，维持肠道微生态区系的稳定结构，促进肠道健康。另外，多糖作为一种营养物质能被乳杆菌和双歧杆菌等肠道益生菌分解和利用，还能与肠道氨分子结合，作为肠道微生物发酵的氮源被充分利用，同时有效地调节肠道的酸碱平衡，使消化酶的活性更高，提高了蛋白质、维生素和矿物质等营养物质的利用率。3.多酚丝兰中含有白藜芦醇和麟凤兰多酚这2种独特的多酚，对氨基具有强烈的结合能力，因此推测丝兰提取物中这2种多酚也可能具有降低氨气的能力。此外，白藜芦醇的抗感染效果显著。一氧化氮(NO)作为一种信号分子，对免疫调节和神经传递等生理功能具有重要的作用，但过多的NO具有细胞毒性，伴随着炎症的发生。Marzocco等研究证明丝兰多酚能抑制氮氧合酶(iNOS)的表达。NF－KB是一种转录因子，能调控iNOS基因的表达。因此，丝兰多酚通过抑制NF－KB的活性发挥较强的抗感染作用。生理功能1.改善养殖环境丝兰提取物不仅可以减少动物机体氨气、甲烷等有害气体的产生；还能降低氮、磷等元素的排放，从而改善畜舍环境。其具体作用机制为，丝兰提取物是一种脲酶抑制剂，不但能抑制尿素分解成氨气，还能促进微生物将氨气转变成微生物蛋白，从而减少粪、尿Chemicalbook中氨气的产生；能直接吸附或结合环境中氨气等有害气体，可通过阻止粪尿中氮的硝化，使氮以无机质形式存在，从而使散发到空气中的氨气量减少。2.调控肠道内环境丝兰植物提取物能促进有益菌的增殖，改善肠道内环境，利于肠绒毛的生长发育；可以减少氨气的生成，稳定肠道内pH，促进蛋白质消化吸收，从而为动物生长提供和维持正常的肠道环境，而且丝兰提取物中的皂角苷能提高细菌细胞壁的通透性．便于营养物质更快地被吸收和利用。此外，丝兰提取物在抑制球虫数量、改善动物健康和降低死亡率等方面具有积极作用，已被广泛应用于控制鸡的球虫病。3.改善动物生长性能丝兰提取物中的甾类皂苷由于其特殊化学结构，很难通过消化道上皮细胞，但它具有表面活性，可改变消化道上皮细胞膜的形态，减少细胞膜的表面张力，从而促进了营养物质的吸收；由于丝兰提取物能使氨气浓度降低，减少了肠道组织增生，减慢肠道组织更新，减少能量、蛋白质、氧气的消耗，促进营养物质沉积、消化。4.提供机体免疫性能丝兰提取物具有增厚动物肠道黏膜，改善健康的作用，可防止某些病毒入侵，抑制病毒、有害细菌吸收消化道养分，抑制其增殖；还可通过降低畜舍氨气浓度，减少呼吸道疾病；可降低血氨浓度，避免由此引起的动物神经系统障碍。5.改善畜产品品质肌酸水平与肉质呈正相关性，胰岛素可促进蛋白质合成，降低尿素合成速度，而添加丝兰提取物可使血清中肌酸、胰岛素水平上升，使肉质得到改善。此外，皂甙还能与胆固醇结合，在均质牛奶中添加奎拉雅属皂甙，可将73.4%的胆固醇提取出来。提取方法以丝兰为原料，通过醇溶剂提取浓缩，再经过水和正丁醇二相萃取后除去杂质，取正丁醇相蒸干后用乙醚回流得到的乙醚不溶物为丝兰提取物。目前市场上的产品主要有两种形态:液体和固体粉末。其中，液体的丝兰提取物是一种压榨浓缩丝兰汁，不含任何载体；固体粉末也分两种，目前大多是将丝兰压榨汁液喷覆于载体上再干燥制成的，而另一种是直接将丝兰干燥磨碎制成粉末产品，不含载体，含有丝兰的所有活性成分。应用1.丝兰提取物在生猪中的应用氨气的挥发不仅导致氮源的浪费，而且会对猪场及周围环境造成严重污染。如果氨气对环境的影响不能得到很好的控制，将成为养猪业持续高效发展的制约因素之一。丝兰提取物可有效降低肠道内氨含量，减少氨对肠黏膜细胞的损害和肠黏膜细胞的更新，减少胎儿因缺氧而形成死胎或弱胎。2.丝兰提取物在家禽中的应用丝兰提取物作为除臭剂广泛应用于肉鸡养殖，大量研究表明，丝兰提取物能显著降低鸡舍的氨气和硫化氢等有害气体含量。目前，丝兰提取物的应用已不仅局限于除臭功能，其在生产上的试验表明，丝兰提取物还能促进肉鸡的生长，提高能量和蛋白质的代谢率。单提新将中药丝兰配成1g/mL，每日将其167mL混入800L饮水中供鸡饮用，2周后，舍内氨气消除率达59.24%，在蛋鸡产蛋后期，延长了产蛋期，减缓了产蛋量下降的速度。3.丝兰提取物在反刍动物中的应用丝兰提取物被国外广泛用于瘤胃营养调控剂，国内外大量研究表明，丝兰提取物能改善瘤胃厌氧微生物发酵，抑制脲酶活性，降低瘤胃内原虫密度的作用。4.在水产养殖上的应用丝兰提取物能降低水体中氨气的质量浓度，改善水质，促进水产养殖。应用前景随着我国畜牧业的快速发展，集约化养殖所带来的环境污染问题受到人们的广泛关注，农业部也颁布了一系列养殖污染防治条例。丝兰提取物作为一种天然绿色的植物添加剂，不仅可以作为除臭剂，减少畜舍有害气体的排放，改善养殖环境，还能促进动物生长发育，提高机体免疫机能，减少疾病发生率，改善动物产品品质，而且不含任何有毒成分，无毒、无不良反应、无污染及无残留，在畜牧生产上具有广阔的发展前景。The plant extract Yucca extract is an ether insoluble substance obtained from yucca as raw material, extracted and concentrated by alcohol solvent, then removed by two-phase extraction with water and n-butanol, dried by n-butanol phase and returned with ether. It contains the main active ingredients such as steroidal saponins (sarsapogenin, Sarsapogenin, agave saponins), free saponins and carbohydrate complexes. It has a strong adsorption capacity for harmful gases, which can reduce the concentration of harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in livestock houses, improve the animal feeding environment, promote feed decomposition, improve digestibility, enhance body resistance, promote the absorption of nutrients, improve animal health, improve livestock production performance, and effectively improve the quality of livestock products; It can also stimulate the circulatory and respiratory system, affect vitamin activity and animal hormone secretion. As a pancreatic emulsifier, it has been widely studied and applied in animal production, producing good economic and social benefits. It is also used in the production of other products, such as blowing agents for carbonated beverages and food flavor enhancers, and has been recognized by the United States Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an auxiliary food. This information was edited by Haibo Liu of Chemicalbook. The plant of origin is the Tequila family, Yuccaschidigera. Also known as Yucca, Crown orchid, pineapple flower. Perennial evergreen cauleless plant. Root leaves long sword, 76 cm long, 3 cm wide, spatulate, apex suddenly narrow, forming a hard spiny tip, with long curved edges; Inflorescence paniculate, up to 4 m tall, central, cup-shaped pendulous, nearly 10 cm white, late summer flowers; Dry capsule dehiscent. Distributed in North America, later introduced to the world. It is commonly used to breed by dividing the base tiller and planting it, or cutting it with fleshy roots. Seeds can be used to breed in the southern planting area (Beijing does not produce seeds). Hardiness, strong growth, sandy soil. After flowering, the inflorescence is cut off completely so that the terminal bud can continue to develop. Figure 1 shows the main active ingredients of yucca extract. Many biological functions of yucca extract are related to its active ingredients, which include steroidal saponins, polysaccharides, veratrol and Linfonin polyphenols. 1. Steroid saponins Steroid saponins are the most important active components of yucca extract and the most well studied. Saponin contains a lipophilic group called saponin, and one or more hydrophilic carbohydrate branch chains, which is a natural surface activator or emulsifier, which is conducive to the emulsification of oil, promote the digestion and absorption of glycerol ester, and improve the utilization rate of oil. The hydrophobic part of saponins is connected with the hydrophobic groups of cholesterol in the mucosal layer cells in a microclump superposition way to form a complex to affect the permeability of intestinal cells. In a similar manner, saponins also have antiprotozoan activity by binding to cholesterol in protozoan cell membranes, disrupting the integrity of protozoan cell membranes and leading to cell lysis. 2. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides, especially functional oligosaccharides formed by multiple monosaccharides connected by glucoside bonds, are an important active ingredient in yucca extract. They are not digested by digestive enzymes secreted by animals themselves, and enter the back of the intestine as chemical probiotics to promote the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria, effectively inhibit the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, and maintain the stable structure of intestinal microflora. Promotes intestinal health. In addition, polysaccharide, as a nutrient, can be decomposed and utilized by Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium and other intestinal probiotics, and can also be combined with intestinal ammonia molecules, which can be fully utilized as a nitrogen source for intestinal microbial fermentation. At the same time, it can effectively regulate the acid-base balance of the intestine, improve the activity of digestive enzymes, and improve the utilization rate of nutrients such as protein, vitamins and minerals. 3. Polyphenol Yucca contains two unique polyphenols, resveratrol and Linphoenix polyphenol, which have a strong binding ability to amino groups, so it is speculated that these two polyphenols in yucca extract may also have the ability to reduce ammonia. In addition, resveratrol has a significant anti-infection effect. Nitric oxide (NO), as a signaling molecule, plays an important role in physiological functions such as immune regulation and neurotransmission, but too much NO is cytotoxic and accompanied by inflammation. Marzocco et al. proved that yucca polyphenol can inhibit the expression of nitrogen oxygenase (iNOS). NF-KB is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of iNOS gene. Therefore, yucanophenol exerts a strong anti-infection effect by inhibiting the activity of NF-KB. 1. Improving the breeding environment of yucca extract can not only reduce the production of harmful gases such as ammonia and methane; It can also reduce the emission of nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements, thereby improving the environment of the livestock house. The specific mechanism of action is that yucca extract is a urease inhibitor, which can not only inhibit the decomposition of urea into ammonia, but also promote the transformation of ammonia into microbial protein by microorganisms, thus reducing the production of ammonia in feces and urine. It can directly adsorb or combine harmful gases such as ammonia in the environment, which can prevent the nitration of nitrogen in feces and urine, so that nitrogen exists in the form of inorganic substances, so that the amount of ammonia emitted to the air is reduced. 2. Regulating the intestinal environment of yucca plant extract can promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, improve the intestinal environment, and facilitate the growth and development of intestinal villi; It can reduce the production of ammonia, stabilize the intestinal pH, promote protein digestion and absorption, thus providing and maintaining a normal intestinal environment for animal growth, and saponin in yucca extract can improve the permeability of bacterial cell walls. Facilitate faster absorption and utilization of nutrients. In addition, yucca extract has a positive effect on inhibiting coccidiosis, improving animal health and reducing mortality, and has been widely used to control coccidiosis in chickens. 3. Improve the growth performance of animals Because of its special chemical structure, the steroid saponins in Yucca extract are difficult to pass through the gastrointestinal epithelial cells, but it has surface activity, can change the morphology of the gastrointestinal epithelial cell membrane, reduce the surface tension of the cell membrane, and thus promote the absorption of nutrients; Because yucca extract can reduce the concentration of ammonia, reduce intestinal tissue proliferation, slow down intestinal tissue renewal, reduce energy, protein, oxygen consumption, and promote nutrient deposition and digestion. 4. Providing immune properties Yucca extract can thicken the intestinal mucosa of animals, improve health, prevent the invasion of some viruses, inhibit the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract by viruses and harmful bacteria, and inhibit their proliferation; Respiratory diseases can also be reduced by reducing the concentration of ammonia in livestock houses. It can reduce the blood ammonia concentration and avoid the neurological disorders caused by it. 5. Creatine level is positively correlated with meat quality, insulin can promote protein synthesis and reduce urea synthesis speed, and adding yucca extract can increase creatine and insulin levels in serum and improve meat quality. In addition, the saponins can also bind with cholesterol, and 73.4% of cholesterol can be extracted by adding Quillaya saponins to homogeneous milk. Extraction method Yucca extract was extracted and concentrated by alcohol solvent, then the impurities were removed by two-phase extraction with water and n-butanol, and the ether insoluble substance obtained from the n-butanol phase was dried and then refluxed with ether to form yucca extract. There are two main types of products on the market: liquid and solid powder. Among them, the liquid yucca extract is a squeezed concentrated yucca juice, without any carrier; The solid powder is also divided into two types, most of which are made by spraying yucca press juice on the carrier and then drying, while the other is to directly dry and grind yucca into powder products, without the carrier and containing all the active ingredients of yucca. Application 1. The application of Yucca extract in pigs The volatilization of ammonia not only leads to the waste of nitrogen sources, but also causes serious pollution to pig farms and the surrounding environment. If the impact of ammonia on the environment can not be well controlled, it will become one of the constraints of the sustainable and efficient development of the pig industry. Yucca extract can effectively reduce the ammonia content in the intestine, reduce the damage of ammonia to intestinal mucosal cells and intestinal mucosal cell renewal, and reduce the formation of fetal stillbirth or weak fetus due to hypoxia. 2. Application of Yucca extract in poultry Yucca extract is widely used in broiler breeding as a deodorant, and a large number of studies have shown that yucca extract can significantly reduce the content of harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in chicken houses. At present, the application of yucca extract has not only been limited to deodorization function, its production tests have shown that yucca extract can also promote the growth of broilers, improve the metabolic rate of energy and protein. Singtixin mixed yucca into 1g/mL and mixed 167mL into 800L of drinking water for chickens to drink. After 2 weeks, the elimination rate of ammonia in the house reached 59.24%, which extended the laying period and slowed down the decline of egg production in the late laying period of laying hens. 3. Application of Yucca extract in ruminants Yucca extract has been widely used as rumen nutrition regulator in foreign countries. A large number of studies at home and abroad have shown that yucca extract can improve rumen anaerobic microbial fermentation, inhibit urease activity, and reduce rumen parasite density. 4. The application of Yucca extract in aquaculture can reduce the mass concentration of ammonia in water, improve water quality and promote aquaculture. With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China, the environmental pollution caused by intensive aquaculture has been widely concerned by people. The Ministry of Agriculture has also issued a series of regulations on the prevention and control of aquaculture pollution. As a natural green plant additive, yucca extract can not only be used as a deodorant, reduce the emission of harmful gases in livestock houses, improve the breeding environment, but also promote the growth and development of animals, improve the immune function of the body, reduce the incidence of diseases, improve the quality of animal products, and does not contain any toxic ingredients, non-toxic, no adverse reactions, no pollution and no residue. It has broad development prospects in animal husbandry production.